1.What are your long-range goals and objectives?
First of all I will have finished my school then I will have a job.Second I will study for a master in finance. Then I will change my job with a finance.So few years later I will have a small business and have a family.Finally I will travel by London,Sweden,Paris and Scotland.
2.What are your short-range goals and objectives?
I,m going to study very hard for my last 3 semisters.Then I'm going to improve my English talking,I wanna be talk to open.So I'm going to go beautician course for my vacation,I think it is really important to all women.Another one thing, I'm going to improve my English vocabulary,I'm not good at this.I'm just only doing things need to my long-range goals.
3.In what ways do you think you can make a contribution to our organization?
Well I'll work very hard during I'll work your organization.I'll do my task in professional level.I'll be a good team player,It's the most important thing for any organization.Then if it needs,I'll share my knowledge and experience with new agents.If I'll show anything wrong and do mistakes'I would have broad shoulders.
4.What have you learned from participation in extra-curricular activities?
I,ve learned two important things actually.First I've learned amateur and general things are really important to all people.Because people can do anything in their life,just not only their professional job.Second people need to choose things which can give you fecundation.It means don't wasting your time anything needless.
5.How do you determine or evaluate success?
It's certainly everybody's dream.I think success is just depends on myself.Because success is always follow people's labour.If I can do my job hardly or study hardly, then success will come.Success is fecundation of labour.
6.How do you plan to arcieve your carreer goals?
First of all I must study hard.Then I think personal character is one of the most important things in the workarea.If I can associate kind to other people and my administration, it will help to improve my career.In my opinion, I must do another hard task which others can't do.It'll help to show myself and outstand of others.
7.What makes a job enjoyable for you?
Well I don't know about much this.But I think job is important piece of a life.If people take enjoyable from their job,their life would be amazing.For me I'm going to have a success,there will be my enjoyable from job.
8.Why did you decide to seek a position with this communication organization?
Because I'm studying this position.I wanna to work my profession.Communication department is one of the most important department of country.I think I will work successfully for this section,because I have a good personal information and good at contact to other people.This is important for a this department.
9.What two or three things would be most important to you in your job?
First I always have to improve my profession quality.Example:new technologies,equipments etc...Secondly I always have to work with others,have to be good team player.Thirdly I always have to inspiration myself,it will helps to find a way to success.
10.What do you know about the job?
Actually I know just a little.I was doing a job for my summer vacation two times.I understood job makes a people nimble-witted.I think job gives to people reliability,ambition and becoming socialized.
11.How important is communication and interaction with others on your job?
Of course that is really important.First of all it is communication department,so I must be a good communication skills.People always interact with others,anywhere.I think interaction and communication are inspirate to people's job very spaciously.Communication department is bridge of between people,so this two things are seriously important.
12.Do you prefer to work by yourself or with others?
It's a good question.I was trying to do my task only myself before actually.But I was wrong,teamwork is the way to success.If you take a help from others,you can see what it was easy.And one more thing,just not be only take a help from others.You can give help to someone,too.
Wednesday, December 8, 2010
Saturday, December 4, 2010
Chapter 14
Circuit Switching Systems
Circuit switches serve the PSTN as end offices and tandems, and the enterprise network as PBXs and key systems.A circuit switching system for interconnecting end point systems, such as packet switches, compressed voice concentrators, or data multiplexers, by allowing multiple logical links on each logical channel. The circuit switching system is connected to the end point system by a number of communication facilities with each facility having a plurality of logical channels. For packet switches, the circuit switching system is responsive to a first request to establish a first logical link on a logical channel to a packet switch and is responsive to a second request for another logical link to that packet switch to establish a second logical link on the same logical channel. The circuit switching system is responsive to a third request for establishing a logical link to another packet switch on the same logical channel for denying this request and for negotiating another logical channel.
CIRCUIT SWITCHING ARCHITECTURE
DISTRIBUTED SWITCHING
TANDEM SWITCHING
ADVANCED INTELLIGENT NETWORK (AIN)
IP INTEGRATION
CIRCUIT SWITCHING ARCHITECTURE
All digital circuit-switching systems include the elements shown in Figure 14-1.Our focus in this chapter is on central office switches, but PBX architectures are similar. The principal elements are
A TDM switching fabric that connects paths between input and output line and trunk ports.
A central controller that directs the connection of paths through the switching network. The central control often offloads part of its load to peripheral processors.
Databases that store the system configuration and trunk and subscriber line features.
Line ports that interface outside plant for connection to users. All local and PBX switching systems include line ports; tandem switches may have only a few specialized line ports.
Trunk ports that interface interoffice trunks, service circuits, and testing equipment.
Service circuits that provide call progress signals such as dial tone, ringing, and busy tones.
Common equipment such as battery plants, power supplies, testing equipment, and distributing frames.
Switching System Control
Circuit switches may distribute control and some call-processing functions to peripheral units, but ultimate control is centralized. The central controller monitors the health of peripherals, collects traffic data, provides access to the database, and other functions common to an operating system as well as providing basic call processing. The central controller in a digital switch is always redundant to provide high reliability. Switching systems are designed as central control, multiprocessing, or distributed control. In a central control system, all the call processing is concentrated in a single location. A multiprocessing system has two or more processors that share call-processing functions.
Call Processing
Most digital switches use similar techniques for processing calls. The following is a short description of a typical call process, although different manufacturers have different terminology for the elements. The discussion assumes that the call originatesand terminates in the same central office and does not consider number portability. The principal processing elements are
Scanners to detect changes in states of lines and trunks.
Signal distributors to transmit signals from scanners to call-processing programs.
Registers that furnish dial tone and accept and register dialed digits. Registers are normally dial pulse (rotary dial) or DTMF, and they reside on the trunk side of the switch.
Generic program, which is the call-processing instructions contained in the program store.
Call store to provide temporary scratch-pad memory that is used to store the details of calls in progress.
Data store, which stores the line translations.
Time slots, which, in a digital switch, are units of time reserved for the parties to share during a session.
Switching fabric to make connections between lines and trunks.
PCM Switching Networks
The capacity of a switching network is a function of the number of switching stages it has. The switching matrix is physically limited by the number of terminations it can support. To avoid blocking, the controller must have multiple choices of paths through the network. These paths are obtained through multiple switching stages so that each stage has enough choices that the probability of blocking is reduced to a level consistent with the grade-of-service objectives.
The switch modules are of two types:
• time switches
• space switches.
Time division switching is implemented in a time slot interchange element as shown in Figure 14-3.
Central Processor
The central processor in digital switches is similar to that used in commercial computers, but with some important differences. The processor is also involved in collecting statistical information for administering trunk groups and common equipment. The information is usually dumped to an external processor that assists by finding the busy hour and calculating trunk requirements.
• First, the SPC processor is not only fault tolerant; it is almost fail safe.
• A second difference is in the nature of the processing task.
Line Circuit Functions
In a digital central office, line circuits have seven basic functions that can be remembered with the acronym BORSCHT. Analog central office line circuits require five of the seven functions because they have two-wire switching networks, the hybrid and coding functions are omitted. The BORSCHT functions are
• Battery feeds from the office to the line to operate station transmitters and DTMF dials.
• Over voltage protection is provided to protect the line circuit from damaging external voltages that can occur during the time that it takes the protector to operate.
• Ringing connects from a central ringing supply to operate the telephone bell.
• Supervision refers to monitoring the on-hook/off-hook status of the line.
• Coding converts the analog signal to a PCM bit stream in digital line circuits.
• Hybrids in digital line circuits convert between the four-wire switching fabric and the two-wire cable pair.
• Testing access is provided so an external test system can access the cable pair for trouble isolation.
DISTRIBUTED SWITCHING
• Remote Switch Unit (RSU)
• Digital Loop Carrier (DLC)
Remote Switch Unit (RSU)
An RSU essentially extends the line circuits and sometimes trunk circuits closer to the subscriber. An RSU supports a full complement of subscriber line options. Some RSUs also support local trunking, which is important if the RSU serves a distant community because much calling is local and running the connection back to the host is not economical. Most switches have a maximum range over which they can host RSUs, but it is generally in the range of hundreds of miles. Most switches have a maximum range over which they can host RSUs, but it is generally in the range of hundreds of miles.
Digital Loop Carrier (DLC)
DLC is an alternate form of remote. DLCs come in both single and double-ended configurations. A double-ended DLC has matching units in the field and the central office. The central office end connects to analog line ports in the switch and effectively extends the ports to the field over T1/E1 lines. Small DLCs may serve 24 or 30 channels over a single T1/E1 line. A typical configuration might serve 96 subscribers over two T1 lines, which provides two-to-one concentration.
TANDEM SWITCHING
Tandem switching capability is an optional feature of most digital switches. Most class 5 switching products can function as a combination end office and tandem switch, but where the application is pure trunk switching, a switch designed for the purpose is often used. The industry has three classes of tandems: local, LATA access, and toll.
Virtual Networks
Some IXCs offer virtual private networks to their customers, a service that requires support from the tandem switch. A virtual private voice network is one that operates as if it is composed of switched private lines, but which, in reality, is derived by shared use of the carrier’s switched facilities. A virtual private network handles calls in three manners:
• Dedicated access line to dedicated access line
• Dedicated access line to switched access line
• Switched access line to switched access line
Adedicated-to-dedicated call bypasses the LEC and avoids access charges in both the originating and the terminating direction. The dedicated-to-switched calleliminates the access charge in the originating, but not the terminating direction.
IP INTEGRATION
The digital central office is undergoing a transformation into a combination digital switch and softswitch. The new architecture retains the conventional line and trunk ports, but adds line and trunk gateways to interface the VoIP world. The system so configured can therefore serve existing customers with no change, but can add VoIP when the demand arises. The major advantage this configuration brings, aside from avoiding obsolescence, is the ability to serve a wide area from one central office. IP modules can be placed in large customer concentrations to provide Centrex service or to relieve outside plant congestion.
Circuit switches serve the PSTN as end offices and tandems, and the enterprise network as PBXs and key systems.A circuit switching system for interconnecting end point systems, such as packet switches, compressed voice concentrators, or data multiplexers, by allowing multiple logical links on each logical channel. The circuit switching system is connected to the end point system by a number of communication facilities with each facility having a plurality of logical channels. For packet switches, the circuit switching system is responsive to a first request to establish a first logical link on a logical channel to a packet switch and is responsive to a second request for another logical link to that packet switch to establish a second logical link on the same logical channel. The circuit switching system is responsive to a third request for establishing a logical link to another packet switch on the same logical channel for denying this request and for negotiating another logical channel.
CIRCUIT SWITCHING ARCHITECTURE
DISTRIBUTED SWITCHING
TANDEM SWITCHING
ADVANCED INTELLIGENT NETWORK (AIN)
IP INTEGRATION
CIRCUIT SWITCHING ARCHITECTURE
All digital circuit-switching systems include the elements shown in Figure 14-1.Our focus in this chapter is on central office switches, but PBX architectures are similar. The principal elements are
A TDM switching fabric that connects paths between input and output line and trunk ports.
A central controller that directs the connection of paths through the switching network. The central control often offloads part of its load to peripheral processors.
Databases that store the system configuration and trunk and subscriber line features.
Line ports that interface outside plant for connection to users. All local and PBX switching systems include line ports; tandem switches may have only a few specialized line ports.
Trunk ports that interface interoffice trunks, service circuits, and testing equipment.
Service circuits that provide call progress signals such as dial tone, ringing, and busy tones.
Common equipment such as battery plants, power supplies, testing equipment, and distributing frames.
Switching System Control
Circuit switches may distribute control and some call-processing functions to peripheral units, but ultimate control is centralized. The central controller monitors the health of peripherals, collects traffic data, provides access to the database, and other functions common to an operating system as well as providing basic call processing. The central controller in a digital switch is always redundant to provide high reliability. Switching systems are designed as central control, multiprocessing, or distributed control. In a central control system, all the call processing is concentrated in a single location. A multiprocessing system has two or more processors that share call-processing functions.
Call Processing
Most digital switches use similar techniques for processing calls. The following is a short description of a typical call process, although different manufacturers have different terminology for the elements. The discussion assumes that the call originatesand terminates in the same central office and does not consider number portability. The principal processing elements are
Scanners to detect changes in states of lines and trunks.
Signal distributors to transmit signals from scanners to call-processing programs.
Registers that furnish dial tone and accept and register dialed digits. Registers are normally dial pulse (rotary dial) or DTMF, and they reside on the trunk side of the switch.
Generic program, which is the call-processing instructions contained in the program store.
Call store to provide temporary scratch-pad memory that is used to store the details of calls in progress.
Data store, which stores the line translations.
Time slots, which, in a digital switch, are units of time reserved for the parties to share during a session.
Switching fabric to make connections between lines and trunks.
PCM Switching Networks
The capacity of a switching network is a function of the number of switching stages it has. The switching matrix is physically limited by the number of terminations it can support. To avoid blocking, the controller must have multiple choices of paths through the network. These paths are obtained through multiple switching stages so that each stage has enough choices that the probability of blocking is reduced to a level consistent with the grade-of-service objectives.
The switch modules are of two types:
• time switches
• space switches.
Time division switching is implemented in a time slot interchange element as shown in Figure 14-3.
Central Processor
The central processor in digital switches is similar to that used in commercial computers, but with some important differences. The processor is also involved in collecting statistical information for administering trunk groups and common equipment. The information is usually dumped to an external processor that assists by finding the busy hour and calculating trunk requirements.
• First, the SPC processor is not only fault tolerant; it is almost fail safe.
• A second difference is in the nature of the processing task.
Line Circuit Functions
In a digital central office, line circuits have seven basic functions that can be remembered with the acronym BORSCHT. Analog central office line circuits require five of the seven functions because they have two-wire switching networks, the hybrid and coding functions are omitted. The BORSCHT functions are
• Battery feeds from the office to the line to operate station transmitters and DTMF dials.
• Over voltage protection is provided to protect the line circuit from damaging external voltages that can occur during the time that it takes the protector to operate.
• Ringing connects from a central ringing supply to operate the telephone bell.
• Supervision refers to monitoring the on-hook/off-hook status of the line.
• Coding converts the analog signal to a PCM bit stream in digital line circuits.
• Hybrids in digital line circuits convert between the four-wire switching fabric and the two-wire cable pair.
• Testing access is provided so an external test system can access the cable pair for trouble isolation.
DISTRIBUTED SWITCHING
• Remote Switch Unit (RSU)
• Digital Loop Carrier (DLC)
Remote Switch Unit (RSU)
An RSU essentially extends the line circuits and sometimes trunk circuits closer to the subscriber. An RSU supports a full complement of subscriber line options. Some RSUs also support local trunking, which is important if the RSU serves a distant community because much calling is local and running the connection back to the host is not economical. Most switches have a maximum range over which they can host RSUs, but it is generally in the range of hundreds of miles. Most switches have a maximum range over which they can host RSUs, but it is generally in the range of hundreds of miles.
Digital Loop Carrier (DLC)
DLC is an alternate form of remote. DLCs come in both single and double-ended configurations. A double-ended DLC has matching units in the field and the central office. The central office end connects to analog line ports in the switch and effectively extends the ports to the field over T1/E1 lines. Small DLCs may serve 24 or 30 channels over a single T1/E1 line. A typical configuration might serve 96 subscribers over two T1 lines, which provides two-to-one concentration.
TANDEM SWITCHING
Tandem switching capability is an optional feature of most digital switches. Most class 5 switching products can function as a combination end office and tandem switch, but where the application is pure trunk switching, a switch designed for the purpose is often used. The industry has three classes of tandems: local, LATA access, and toll.
Virtual Networks
Some IXCs offer virtual private networks to their customers, a service that requires support from the tandem switch. A virtual private voice network is one that operates as if it is composed of switched private lines, but which, in reality, is derived by shared use of the carrier’s switched facilities. A virtual private network handles calls in three manners:
• Dedicated access line to dedicated access line
• Dedicated access line to switched access line
• Switched access line to switched access line
Adedicated-to-dedicated call bypasses the LEC and avoids access charges in both the originating and the terminating direction. The dedicated-to-switched calleliminates the access charge in the originating, but not the terminating direction.
IP INTEGRATION
The digital central office is undergoing a transformation into a combination digital switch and softswitch. The new architecture retains the conventional line and trunk ports, but adds line and trunk gateways to interface the VoIP world. The system so configured can therefore serve existing customers with no change, but can add VoIP when the demand arises. The major advantage this configuration brings, aside from avoiding obsolescence, is the ability to serve a wide area from one central office. IP modules can be placed in large customer concentrations to provide Centrex service or to relieve outside plant congestion.
New words
operational-үйл ажиллагааны, шуурхай ажлын
reductions-хувиргалт, боловсруулалт
strategically-стратегийн, чухал
relation-хамаарах, уялдаа
illustrates-харуулах, дүрслэх, үзүүлэх
residential-оршин суух
carrier-зөөгч дохио
profits-ашиг тус
means-хэрэгсэл, арга ухаан
describe-тайлбарлах, дүрслэх, тодорхойлох
packetbased-багцад суурьлсан
logically-логик
separated-салгах, тусгаарлах
perspective-алсын төлөв
fulfilling-биелүүлэх, гүйцэтгэх
focused-гол төлөв, чиглүүлэх
industry-аж үйлдвэр
attention-анхаарал
concepts-санал бодол
realized-ойлгох, биелүүлэх
locking-хүрэлцээгүй, дутагдалтай
specific-онцгой хувийн, өвөрмөц
issues-асуудал, хэвлэл, дугаар тавих
hybrid-холимог
handled-удирдах, гүйцэтгэх
although-хэдийгээр, гэсэн ч
vision-үзэл бодол, зорилго
requirements-шаардлага хэрэгцээ
cooperation-хамтын ажиллагаа
possess-тай байх, эзэмших
solution-шийдэл шийд
pushed-стекэд, элемент нэмэх
execute-биелүүлэх
computing-тооцоолуур, тооцоолох
middeware-дундын хангамж
unified-unify-нэгтгэх
foremost-тэргүүний, үндсэн гол чухал
separate-салгах, тусгаарлах
best in bread-хамгийн сайн өсөлттөй
de compese-задлах, задрах
treaf-боловсруулах
interact-харилцан үйлчлэлцэх
collaberative-хамтран ажиллах
inter location-дотор суурилсан
criteria-шалгуур, хэмжүүр
negotiate-хэлэлцэх, тохиролцох
diverse-ондоо, өөр, төрөл бүрийн
creative-бүтээлч
inter working-харилцан ажиллах
inter action-харилцан нөлөөлөл
maintain-дэмжих, ашиглах
pervasive-нэвтрэх, тархах, өргөжих
margins-хязгаар, туйл
duplicate-хуулбар, хувилах
regulatory-зохицуулалтын
ubiquitens- нэгдмэл
infer-таах, бодож гаргах
merely-зөвхөн, ердөө бараг
various-олон төрлийн
Killer applications-нэмэлт үйлчилгээ
Framebased-тоон цуваа
Capabilities-чадвар
Examining-дүгнэх
Service relate-үйлчилгээнд хамаарагдах
Circuit switched-уламжлалт холболт
Thrust-түлхэлт, цохилт
Value added-өртөг нэмэх үйлчилгээ
Best in bread-хамгийн сайн өсөлттөй
User installable-хэрэглэгч суурьлуулах үйлчилгээ
Carrier-зөөгч
Routing-замчлал
Mintab-бага хэмжээний зай
Overload-хэт ачаалал
Simplicity-энгийн байдал
Context sensitive-мэдрэмтгий байдал
Conceptual-ерөнхий төлөөлийн
Initiative-санаачлага
Layer-давхарга
Likewise-иймэрхүү маягаар
There by-түүгээр
Connectivity-холбогч холбоос
Reliance-итгэл, найдвар
Particular-тусгай, хувийн, онцгой
Seamlesly-засваргүй
Associated-нэгдмэл
Appropriate-нэгдмэл
Couple-залгах
Perspective-хэтийн төлөв
Crystalize-торох зүйлгүй тунгалаг
Pursue-мөрдөх, мөшгих, хөөх
Differentiator-ялгарагч
Brokering-эвдрэх
Adequate-хангалттай, хүрэлцээтэй
Fidelity-нарийн таарах, үнэнч
Pattern-хэв маяг
Real time-бодит хугацааны
Volume-багтаамж
Trouble shooting-алдаа илрүүлэх
Bundle-багц үйлчилгээ
Minor-алдаа, ялимгүй зөрөх
Critical-шийдвэрлэх
Peripherals-суурин
Supply chain- үл тасалдагч хэлхээ
e-commerce-электрон худалдаа
stovepipe-цахилгаан яндан хоолой
approach-арга зам, ойртох, дөхөх
hard codded-нарийн кодчлол
competition-өрсөлдөөн
residential subscriber-суурин хэрэглэгч
reduction-өртөг, ханш
mergers-нэгтгэх
struggling-тэмцэх,
rapidly-өргөн түгээмэл, хурдацтай
current-цахилгаан гүйдэл, идэвхитэй
relute-холбох, холбогдох
time division multiplex-хугацааны хуваалттай нягтруулга
base-суурь бааз
swich exchange-холболтын байгууламж
transport-дамжуулах, зөөх
providers-нэмэлт үйлчилгээ
voice-яриа
broadband-өргөн зурвасын
advanced-дэвшилттэй, ахицтай
narrowband-нарийн зурвасын
bandwidth-сувгийн өргөн, дамжуулах өргөн
route-чиглүүлэх, чиглэх
database-өгөгдлийн сан
adeguate-шаардлага хангасан
outsouring-гадны үүсгүүр
troubleshooting-алдаа илрүүлэх
unifier-нэгтгүүр
overload-даац хэтрүүлэх, хэт ачаалал
terminal-төгсгөлийн төхөөрөмж
supply-тэжээлийн үүсгүүр
chain-хэлхээ, хэлхээ холбоос
endpoint-үзүүрийн цэг
monitor-удирдах төхөөрөмж
filter-шүүр
bridgest-богино холболт
session-сүлжээний холболт
scope-цар хүрээ
pipe-дамжуулалын хоолой
cooperation-хамтын ажиллагаа
layering-зөөгч, давхарга
flexible-уян хатан
attributes-онцлог, үзүүлэлт
sophisticated-нарийвчлал сайтай
expectation-математик дундаж, магадлал
migrate-шилжих
extreme-туйлын
measurement-хэмжилт, хэмжээ
connectivity-холбогдох чадвар
storage-санах ой
intence-эрчимтэй, эрчтэй
competence-чадвар, мэргэжил, бүрэн эрх
competition-өрсөлдөөн, тэмцэл
expected-хүлээсэн, найдсан
arena-тавцан, талбар
increases-нэмэлт, өсөлт, нэмэгдэх
essiantial-үндсэн, гол чухал
themselves-өөрсдөө
appropriately-тохирох, таарах
prepare-бэлтгэх
emerging-үүсэх бий болгох
environment-хүрээлэн буй орчин, тоног төхөөрөмж
competent-чадамгай, эрх мэдэлтэй
mergers-нэгтгэх, залгах
alliances-биеэ даасан байгууллага
anslaught-хүчтэй дайралт
entrants-элсэгч
strugling-тэмцэл
invovative-шинэчлэгч
retian-хадгалах, үлдээх
attract-анхаарал татах
lucrative-ашигтай үр дүнтэй
striving-хичээл зүтгэл, мэрийлт
differentiare-ялгах, салгах
expanding-өргөтгөх, дэлгэрүүлэх
land space-хэвтээ горим, хэвтээ байдал
brand-төрөл, сорт, чанар
bundle-зангилаа баглаа
achieve-олох, хүрэх, гүйцэтгэх
broader-илүү өргөн
look ups-сайжрах, дээрдэх
proxy-орлох, төлөөлөх
evolution-хувьсал
oppose-татгалзах, саад болох
vendors-борлуулагч, наймаачин
entities-entity-тусдаа оршин тогтносон
retain-хадгалах, хэвээр нь байлгах
expand-тэлэх, дэлгэрэх, томрох
edge-зах, ирмэг, хязгаар
migrate-нүүх, шилжих, сэлгэх
prevent-урьдчилан сэргийлэх
trend-хандлага
plenty-элбэг, дэлбэг байх
profit-ашиг тус
approach-хандлага, арга зам, ойртох
adequate-тохиромжтой, нийцсэн, шаардлага хангасан
demand-шаардлага, хэрэгцээ, эрэлт
scale-хэмжээ, хуваарь, масштаб
gain-өсгөх коеффициент, өсөлт
provision-бэлтгэл хийх, хангалтын бэлтгэл
concern-холбоотой, хамаарах, харилцаа
meaningful-чухал ач холбогдолтой
tedious-залхуутай, нуршуу, уйтгартай
duties-duty-горим, зориулалт, үүрэг
acquisitions-хам болгох, таних, илрүүлэх
credibly-credible-итгэмээр, үнэмшмээр
reductions-хувиргалт, боловсруулалт
strategically-стратегийн, чухал
relation-хамаарах, уялдаа
illustrates-харуулах, дүрслэх, үзүүлэх
residential-оршин суух
carrier-зөөгч дохио
profits-ашиг тус
means-хэрэгсэл, арга ухаан
describe-тайлбарлах, дүрслэх, тодорхойлох
packetbased-багцад суурьлсан
logically-логик
separated-салгах, тусгаарлах
perspective-алсын төлөв
fulfilling-биелүүлэх, гүйцэтгэх
focused-гол төлөв, чиглүүлэх
industry-аж үйлдвэр
attention-анхаарал
concepts-санал бодол
realized-ойлгох, биелүүлэх
locking-хүрэлцээгүй, дутагдалтай
specific-онцгой хувийн, өвөрмөц
issues-асуудал, хэвлэл, дугаар тавих
hybrid-холимог
handled-удирдах, гүйцэтгэх
although-хэдийгээр, гэсэн ч
vision-үзэл бодол, зорилго
requirements-шаардлага хэрэгцээ
cooperation-хамтын ажиллагаа
possess-тай байх, эзэмших
solution-шийдэл шийд
pushed-стекэд, элемент нэмэх
execute-биелүүлэх
computing-тооцоолуур, тооцоолох
middeware-дундын хангамж
unified-unify-нэгтгэх
foremost-тэргүүний, үндсэн гол чухал
separate-салгах, тусгаарлах
best in bread-хамгийн сайн өсөлттөй
de compese-задлах, задрах
treaf-боловсруулах
interact-харилцан үйлчлэлцэх
collaberative-хамтран ажиллах
inter location-дотор суурилсан
criteria-шалгуур, хэмжүүр
negotiate-хэлэлцэх, тохиролцох
diverse-ондоо, өөр, төрөл бүрийн
creative-бүтээлч
inter working-харилцан ажиллах
inter action-харилцан нөлөөлөл
maintain-дэмжих, ашиглах
pervasive-нэвтрэх, тархах, өргөжих
margins-хязгаар, туйл
duplicate-хуулбар, хувилах
regulatory-зохицуулалтын
ubiquitens- нэгдмэл
infer-таах, бодож гаргах
merely-зөвхөн, ердөө бараг
various-олон төрлийн
Killer applications-нэмэлт үйлчилгээ
Framebased-тоон цуваа
Capabilities-чадвар
Examining-дүгнэх
Service relate-үйлчилгээнд хамаарагдах
Circuit switched-уламжлалт холболт
Thrust-түлхэлт, цохилт
Value added-өртөг нэмэх үйлчилгээ
Best in bread-хамгийн сайн өсөлттөй
User installable-хэрэглэгч суурьлуулах үйлчилгээ
Carrier-зөөгч
Routing-замчлал
Mintab-бага хэмжээний зай
Overload-хэт ачаалал
Simplicity-энгийн байдал
Context sensitive-мэдрэмтгий байдал
Conceptual-ерөнхий төлөөлийн
Initiative-санаачлага
Layer-давхарга
Likewise-иймэрхүү маягаар
There by-түүгээр
Connectivity-холбогч холбоос
Reliance-итгэл, найдвар
Particular-тусгай, хувийн, онцгой
Seamlesly-засваргүй
Associated-нэгдмэл
Appropriate-нэгдмэл
Couple-залгах
Perspective-хэтийн төлөв
Crystalize-торох зүйлгүй тунгалаг
Pursue-мөрдөх, мөшгих, хөөх
Differentiator-ялгарагч
Brokering-эвдрэх
Adequate-хангалттай, хүрэлцээтэй
Fidelity-нарийн таарах, үнэнч
Pattern-хэв маяг
Real time-бодит хугацааны
Volume-багтаамж
Trouble shooting-алдаа илрүүлэх
Bundle-багц үйлчилгээ
Minor-алдаа, ялимгүй зөрөх
Critical-шийдвэрлэх
Peripherals-суурин
Supply chain- үл тасалдагч хэлхээ
e-commerce-электрон худалдаа
stovepipe-цахилгаан яндан хоолой
approach-арга зам, ойртох, дөхөх
hard codded-нарийн кодчлол
competition-өрсөлдөөн
residential subscriber-суурин хэрэглэгч
reduction-өртөг, ханш
mergers-нэгтгэх
struggling-тэмцэх,
rapidly-өргөн түгээмэл, хурдацтай
current-цахилгаан гүйдэл, идэвхитэй
relute-холбох, холбогдох
time division multiplex-хугацааны хуваалттай нягтруулга
base-суурь бааз
swich exchange-холболтын байгууламж
transport-дамжуулах, зөөх
providers-нэмэлт үйлчилгээ
voice-яриа
broadband-өргөн зурвасын
advanced-дэвшилттэй, ахицтай
narrowband-нарийн зурвасын
bandwidth-сувгийн өргөн, дамжуулах өргөн
route-чиглүүлэх, чиглэх
database-өгөгдлийн сан
adeguate-шаардлага хангасан
outsouring-гадны үүсгүүр
troubleshooting-алдаа илрүүлэх
unifier-нэгтгүүр
overload-даац хэтрүүлэх, хэт ачаалал
terminal-төгсгөлийн төхөөрөмж
supply-тэжээлийн үүсгүүр
chain-хэлхээ, хэлхээ холбоос
endpoint-үзүүрийн цэг
monitor-удирдах төхөөрөмж
filter-шүүр
bridgest-богино холболт
session-сүлжээний холболт
scope-цар хүрээ
pipe-дамжуулалын хоолой
cooperation-хамтын ажиллагаа
layering-зөөгч, давхарга
flexible-уян хатан
attributes-онцлог, үзүүлэлт
sophisticated-нарийвчлал сайтай
expectation-математик дундаж, магадлал
migrate-шилжих
extreme-туйлын
measurement-хэмжилт, хэмжээ
connectivity-холбогдох чадвар
storage-санах ой
intence-эрчимтэй, эрчтэй
competence-чадвар, мэргэжил, бүрэн эрх
competition-өрсөлдөөн, тэмцэл
expected-хүлээсэн, найдсан
arena-тавцан, талбар
increases-нэмэлт, өсөлт, нэмэгдэх
essiantial-үндсэн, гол чухал
themselves-өөрсдөө
appropriately-тохирох, таарах
prepare-бэлтгэх
emerging-үүсэх бий болгох
environment-хүрээлэн буй орчин, тоног төхөөрөмж
competent-чадамгай, эрх мэдэлтэй
mergers-нэгтгэх, залгах
alliances-биеэ даасан байгууллага
anslaught-хүчтэй дайралт
entrants-элсэгч
strugling-тэмцэл
invovative-шинэчлэгч
retian-хадгалах, үлдээх
attract-анхаарал татах
lucrative-ашигтай үр дүнтэй
striving-хичээл зүтгэл, мэрийлт
differentiare-ялгах, салгах
expanding-өргөтгөх, дэлгэрүүлэх
land space-хэвтээ горим, хэвтээ байдал
brand-төрөл, сорт, чанар
bundle-зангилаа баглаа
achieve-олох, хүрэх, гүйцэтгэх
broader-илүү өргөн
look ups-сайжрах, дээрдэх
proxy-орлох, төлөөлөх
evolution-хувьсал
oppose-татгалзах, саад болох
vendors-борлуулагч, наймаачин
entities-entity-тусдаа оршин тогтносон
retain-хадгалах, хэвээр нь байлгах
expand-тэлэх, дэлгэрэх, томрох
edge-зах, ирмэг, хязгаар
migrate-нүүх, шилжих, сэлгэх
prevent-урьдчилан сэргийлэх
trend-хандлага
plenty-элбэг, дэлбэг байх
profit-ашиг тус
approach-хандлага, арга зам, ойртох
adequate-тохиромжтой, нийцсэн, шаардлага хангасан
demand-шаардлага, хэрэгцээ, эрэлт
scale-хэмжээ, хуваарь, масштаб
gain-өсгөх коеффициент, өсөлт
provision-бэлтгэл хийх, хангалтын бэлтгэл
concern-холбоотой, хамаарах, харилцаа
meaningful-чухал ач холбогдолтой
tedious-залхуутай, нуршуу, уйтгартай
duties-duty-горим, зориулалт, үүрэг
acquisitions-хам болгох, таних, илрүүлэх
credibly-credible-итгэмээр, үнэмшмээр
Tuesday, November 30, 2010
Essay
I present you with the reasons why I study in MUST in major of Telecommunication .
Actually the world is virtually getting smaller, with the communication media, borders are vanishing. That is why knowledge is widening and the world and human demands are growing day by day. Therefore, I consider it necessary to expand and share our perspectives in order to innovate, actualize and adapt to the technological and scientific revolution.
I think so the first aim of mine is graduate my school very successfully and I really want to take possession of my profession and all kind of skills. For term of my university during four years the most important responsibility is must learn very well and have to be good student, for this reason I am studying at my university. I always proud of my university and I think so I am really one of the lucky student because my profession is very useful, with future prospects, important , lead of development, the nicest profession I think so… So my studying university is the best university at my hometown.
Our school has really big and true system of study and the best engineers and teachers all teaching at my school so I am happy and I have to study very well from them. If I want to be good telecommunication engineer I need to study well, Studying well is first step and begin my life because How I am studying now it will describe my next steps and my life. If I can take possess good English and other language speaking, writing, listening, read , of course also my profession skills I can get my purpose and future plan. For that reason I am trying and trying…
At future I want to be good skilled engineer for my position so I really wanna to build my life for my own hand, then I hope that I will be perfect at my position. Last one is I really want to do good and new things for my native land Mongolia. There is too many good engineers in Mongolia, they did too much new and wonderful s. Telecommunication is developing very fast now. There are many developed nations in the world for example Japan, USA, Germany, Holland etc… The first one is Japan so my dream is develop my country just like Japan. My dreams come true at future, I hope that…
Because of my one of big dream is studying as my profession in Japan and will study there many adventure so do the best in Mongolia. We are living in one world all people need to learn from each others if I wanna to learn from others I need good skill for understanding in other hand I need good English first because English is an international language then I am learning English also Japanese. I think that I can learn, I have to learn both of them. Language skill is the most necessary indices of specialist telecommunication engineer. If anyone has good skills for language, profession, character, skills work with group he or she can get good position their company or organization. There is a phrase –If you can try you can get everywhere…I agree that phrase cause my is , my future cares from me. So I have good skilled engineer I can do good, nice job. If I will satisfy for my job and I will do what am I want to do work , I will enough salary and kife from my job. If I could be perfect at my job, salary is no problem I think so.
Now is modern, global, free century I am living… maybe every person wants to work in company with comfortable, friendly, has good salary. But it cares from them , in my opinion.
After graduate my university I am planning to study in Japan as profession master degree. I am trying to get that step and preparing for exam and myself. But it is my second step , before that I must finish my university. After II had got my second step I will apply third step at my future.
I will study from Japanese telecommunication system, growth, technology, advancements , then I will do all of goods…
Actually the world is virtually getting smaller, with the communication media, borders are vanishing. That is why knowledge is widening and the world and human demands are growing day by day. Therefore, I consider it necessary to expand and share our perspectives in order to innovate, actualize and adapt to the technological and scientific revolution.
I think so the first aim of mine is graduate my school very successfully and I really want to take possession of my profession and all kind of skills. For term of my university during four years the most important responsibility is must learn very well and have to be good student, for this reason I am studying at my university. I always proud of my university and I think so I am really one of the lucky student because my profession is very useful, with future prospects, important , lead of development, the nicest profession I think so… So my studying university is the best university at my hometown.
Our school has really big and true system of study and the best engineers and teachers all teaching at my school so I am happy and I have to study very well from them. If I want to be good telecommunication engineer I need to study well, Studying well is first step and begin my life because How I am studying now it will describe my next steps and my life. If I can take possess good English and other language speaking, writing, listening, read , of course also my profession skills I can get my purpose and future plan. For that reason I am trying and trying…
At future I want to be good skilled engineer for my position so I really wanna to build my life for my own hand, then I hope that I will be perfect at my position. Last one is I really want to do good and new things for my native land Mongolia. There is too many good engineers in Mongolia, they did too much new and wonderful s. Telecommunication is developing very fast now. There are many developed nations in the world for example Japan, USA, Germany, Holland etc… The first one is Japan so my dream is develop my country just like Japan. My dreams come true at future, I hope that…
Because of my one of big dream is studying as my profession in Japan and will study there many adventure so do the best in Mongolia. We are living in one world all people need to learn from each others if I wanna to learn from others I need good skill for understanding in other hand I need good English first because English is an international language then I am learning English also Japanese. I think that I can learn, I have to learn both of them. Language skill is the most necessary indices of specialist telecommunication engineer. If anyone has good skills for language, profession, character, skills work with group he or she can get good position their company or organization. There is a phrase –If you can try you can get everywhere…I agree that phrase cause my is , my future cares from me. So I have good skilled engineer I can do good, nice job. If I will satisfy for my job and I will do what am I want to do work , I will enough salary and kife from my job. If I could be perfect at my job, salary is no problem I think so.
Now is modern, global, free century I am living… maybe every person wants to work in company with comfortable, friendly, has good salary. But it cares from them , in my opinion.
After graduate my university I am planning to study in Japan as profession master degree. I am trying to get that step and preparing for exam and myself. But it is my second step , before that I must finish my university. After II had got my second step I will apply third step at my future.
I will study from Japanese telecommunication system, growth, technology, advancements , then I will do all of goods…
Sunday, November 28, 2010
Abstract
A fast circuit switching system that establishes a circuit for each packet-sized data communication. Information is conveyed from a number of communications modules in source channels to a number of port controllers and to a network. Information is conveyed from the network to destination channels. Each communications module includes a transmitter that transmits in an associated source channel, circuit setup request signals defining destination channels and also transmits data. Each port controller stores one of a number of status words defining the availability of the destination channels and each of these status words is cycled to each port controller. A port controller responds to one of the circuit setup request signals and to subsequent data, when one of the status words cycled thereto defines as available, a destination channel defined by the circuit setup request signal, by transmitting the circuit setup request signal and the subsequent data to the network. The network responds to circuit setup request signals received from the port controllers by transmitting data received from the port controllers to the destination channels defined by those circuit setup request signals
Cover letter
MCS company
central tower
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 976
Dear Mr and Ms:
As an experienced communications professional, I'm very interested in the American Organizations's Director of Communications position.
I have a proven track record in almost all of the competencies you're seeking. Here are a few highlights:
Handled a wide range of creative services, collaborating with creative services peers, subordinates and vendors to produce marketing and other print communications, as well online communications and video projects.
Exceptional writing and editing skills honed over the past 13 years in public relations and corporate communications; from press releases to newsletters to video scripts to web sites and yes, guest columns.
Developing and implementing communications strategies for reaching employees and other stakeholders.
Providing communications counsel and expertise to executives and managers for issues management, benefits communications and employee relations.
In my current role at Company A, I've worked closely with nonprofits while administering our corporate marine conservation donation program. This is the most rewarding part of my job, helping connect worthy organizations with funding.
As a recent transplant to Miami, I still own a home in Tampa and would love to put my skills to work back in Tampa. While I really appreciate my current company, colleagues and boss - I've discovered that living and working in Tampa is where I would rather be.
I will call in one week to follow up and find out if I can answer any questions or provide any work samples.
Sincerely,
M.Tselmeg
central tower
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 976
Dear Mr and Ms:
As an experienced communications professional, I'm very interested in the American Organizations's Director of Communications position.
I have a proven track record in almost all of the competencies you're seeking. Here are a few highlights:
Handled a wide range of creative services, collaborating with creative services peers, subordinates and vendors to produce marketing and other print communications, as well online communications and video projects.
Exceptional writing and editing skills honed over the past 13 years in public relations and corporate communications; from press releases to newsletters to video scripts to web sites and yes, guest columns.
Developing and implementing communications strategies for reaching employees and other stakeholders.
Providing communications counsel and expertise to executives and managers for issues management, benefits communications and employee relations.
In my current role at Company A, I've worked closely with nonprofits while administering our corporate marine conservation donation program. This is the most rewarding part of my job, helping connect worthy organizations with funding.
As a recent transplant to Miami, I still own a home in Tampa and would love to put my skills to work back in Tampa. While I really appreciate my current company, colleagues and boss - I've discovered that living and working in Tampa is where I would rather be.
I will call in one week to follow up and find out if I can answer any questions or provide any work samples.
Sincerely,
M.Tselmeg
Business letter
Engineering Works
Ulaanbaatar City
Mongolia.
March 25, 2009
To
Ms. Tuul
Office tower
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Dear Ms.Tuul ,
This is with reference to your application for the post of a telecommunication's engineer.
You are requested to appear for an interview for the said post, on 1st September, 19 at 10.30 a.m. in the office of the undersigned.
You will be paid first class railway fare (both ways) from your city to Mongolia. For claiming the fare, you will have to produce the ticket or the railway money receipt.
Please bring with you, your certificates and testimonials in original for verification.
Thanks.
Yours sincerely,
M.Tselmeg
Ulaanbaatar City
Mongolia.
March 25, 2009
To
Ms. Tuul
Office tower
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Dear Ms.Tuul ,
This is with reference to your application for the post of a telecommunication's engineer.
You are requested to appear for an interview for the said post, on 1st September, 19 at 10.30 a.m. in the office of the undersigned.
You will be paid first class railway fare (both ways) from your city to Mongolia. For claiming the fare, you will have to produce the ticket or the railway money receipt.
Please bring with you, your certificates and testimonials in original for verification.
Thanks.
Yours sincerely,
M.Tselmeg
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